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{{Short description|Hilbert spaces, operators, and mathematical structures underlying quantum theory}}
{{Short description|Hilbert spaces, operators, and mathematical structures underlying quantum theory}}


{{Quantum book backlink|Foundations}}
{{Quantum book backlink|Foundations}}
{{Quantum article nav|previous=Physics:Quantum probability|previous label=Probability|next=Physics:Quantum Interpretations of quantum mechanics|next label=Interpretations of quantum mechanics}}


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A '''Hilbert space''' is a [[Wikipedia:Vector space|vector space]] equipped with an [[Wikipedia:Inner product space|inner product]] and complete with respect to the norm induced by that inner product.<ref>{{cite book
'''Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory''' a Hilbert space is a vector space equipped with an inner product and complete with respect to the norm induced by that inner product. It provides the natural mathematical setting for quantum mechanics, where physical states are represented by vectors or, more precisely, by rays in a complex Hilbert space. The geometry of Hilbert space generalizes the familiar Euclidean notions of length, angle, orthogonality, and projection to spaces of finite or infinite dimension. A Hilbert space is a vector space equipped with an inner product and complete with respect to the norm induced by that inner product. It provides the natural mathematical setting for quantum mechanics, where physical states are represented by vectors or, more precisely, by rays in a complex Hilbert space. In quantum theory, Hilbert spaces are usually taken to be complex.
|last=Reed
|first=Michael
|last2=Simon
|first2=Barry
|title=Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics, Vol. 1: Functional Analysis
|publisher=Academic Press
|year=1980
|isbn=9780125850506
}}</ref> It provides the natural mathematical setting for [[Wikipedia:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], where physical states are represented by vectors or, more precisely, by rays in a complex Hilbert space.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dirac |first=P. A. M. |title=The Principles of Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofquan0000dira}}</ref> The geometry of Hilbert space generalizes the familiar Euclidean notions of length, angle, orthogonality, and projection to spaces of finite or infinite dimension.
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leads to the [[Wikipedia:Uncertainty principle|uncertainty principle]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=David J. |title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Pearson |year=2018}}</ref>
leads to the uncertainty principle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=David J. |title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Pearson |year=2018}}</ref>
 
=Spectral theorem=


== Spectral theorem ==
The spectral theorem decomposes self-adjoint operators into projection operators.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reed |first=Michael |last2=Simon |first2=Barry |title=Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics |publisher=Academic Press |year=1980}}</ref>
The spectral theorem decomposes self-adjoint operators into projection operators.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reed |first=Michael |last2=Simon |first2=Barry |title=Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics |publisher=Academic Press |year=1980}}</ref>


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This provides the mathematical basis for quantum measurement.
This provides the mathematical basis for quantum measurement.


=Density matrices=
== Density matrices ==
 
A general quantum state is described by a density operator <math>\rho</math>.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nielsen |first=Michael A. |last2=Chuang |first2=Isaac L. |title=Quantum Computation and Quantum Information |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010}}</ref>
A general quantum state is described by a density operator <math>\rho</math>.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nielsen |first=Michael A. |last2=Chuang |first2=Isaac L. |title=Quantum Computation and Quantum Information |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010}}</ref>


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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}
{{Author|Harold Foppele}}


{{Sourceattribution|Quantum Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory|1}}
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory|1}}

Latest revision as of 12:34, 20 May 2026



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Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory a Hilbert space is a vector space equipped with an inner product and complete with respect to the norm induced by that inner product. It provides the natural mathematical setting for quantum mechanics, where physical states are represented by vectors or, more precisely, by rays in a complex Hilbert space. The geometry of Hilbert space generalizes the familiar Euclidean notions of length, angle, orthogonality, and projection to spaces of finite or infinite dimension. A Hilbert space is a vector space equipped with an inner product and complete with respect to the norm induced by that inner product. It provides the natural mathematical setting for quantum mechanics, where physical states are represented by vectors or, more precisely, by rays in a complex Hilbert space. In quantum theory, Hilbert spaces are usually taken to be complex.

Quantum mathematics: foundations of quantum theory visualized.

Definition

A Hilbert space ℋ is a vector space over ℝ or ℂ together with an inner product

⟨ϕ∣ψ⟩

such that the induced norm

‖ψ‖=⟨ψ∣ψ⟩

makes ℋ a complete metric space.[1]

In quantum theory, Hilbert spaces are usually taken to be complex. A normalized state vector satisfies

⟨ψ∣ψ⟩=1.

Geometric interpretation

Hilbert space extends the geometry of ordinary three-dimensional space to possibly infinitely many dimensions. The inner product determines:

  • the length of a vector through its norm;
  • the angle between vectors through their overlap;
  • the notion of orthogonality, when ⟨ϕ∣ψ⟩=0;
  • the projection of one vector onto another or onto a subspace.

These ideas are central in quantum mechanics.[2]

Examples

Euclidean space

The finite-dimensional space ℝn with the standard dot product is a simple example of a Hilbert space. Likewise, ℂn with

⟨ϕ∣ψ⟩=∑i=1nϕi*ψi

is the standard Hilbert space of finite-dimensional quantum systems.[3]

Function spaces

An important infinite-dimensional example is the space L2 of square-integrable functions. The inner product is

⟨ϕ∣ψ⟩=∫ϕ*(x)ψ(x)dx.

Wavefunctions in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are elements of such spaces.[4]

Sequence spaces

Another standard example is the space ℓ2 of square-summable sequences.

Basis and expansion

A Hilbert space may have an orthonormal basis {en}, meaning

⟨em∣en⟩=δmn.

Any vector can be expanded as

ψ=∑ncnen.

These expansions generalize Fourier series.[5]

Orthonormal expansions in Hilbert space.

Hilbert space in quantum mechanics

Hilbert space provides the formal setting for quantum states.[6]

The probability amplitude between two states is

⟨ϕ∣ψ⟩

and probabilities are given by its squared magnitude.

Operators and observables

Physical quantities are represented by operators acting on Hilbert space.[7]

Observables correspond to self-adjoint operators with real eigenvalues.[8]

The expectation value is

⟨A^⟩=⟨ψ∣A^∣ψ⟩.

Commutators

The commutator

[x^,p^]=iℏ

leads to the uncertainty principle.[9]

Spectral theorem

The spectral theorem decomposes self-adjoint operators into projection operators.[10]

A^=∑nanPn

This provides the mathematical basis for quantum measurement.

Density matrices

A general quantum state is described by a density operator ρ.[11]

⟨A⟩=Tr(ρA)

Pure states satisfy ρ2=ρ, while mixed states satisfy Tr(ρ2)<1.

See also

Table of contents (198 articles)

Index

Full contents

9. Quantum optics and experiments (5) Back to index
Experimental quantum physics: qubits, dilution refrigerators, quantum communication, and laboratory systems.
Experimental quantum physics: qubits, dilution refrigerators, quantum communication, and laboratory systems.
14. Plasma and fusion physics (8) Back to index
Conceptual illustration of plasma physics in a fusion context, showing magnetically confined ionized gas in a tokamak and the collective behavior governed by electromagnetic fields and transport processes.
Conceptual illustration of plasma physics in a fusion context, showing magnetically confined ionized gas in a tokamak and the collective behavior governed by electromagnetic fields and transport processes.

References

  1. ↑ Hall, Brian C. (2013). Quantum Theory for Mathematicians. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-7116-5. 
  2. ↑ Griffiths, David J. (2018). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Pearson. 
  3. ↑ Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2010). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976667. 
  4. ↑ Sakurai, J. J. (1994). Modern Quantum Mechanics. Addison-Wesley. 
  5. ↑ Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry (1980). Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics. Academic Press. 
  6. ↑ von Neumann, John (1955). Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press. https://archive.org/details/mathematicalfoun0000vonn. 
  7. ↑ Dirac, P. A. M. (1930). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press. 
  8. ↑ Hall, Brian C. (2013). Quantum Theory for Mathematicians. Springer. 
  9. ↑ Griffiths, David J. (2018). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Pearson. 
  10. ↑ Reed, Michael; Simon, Barry (1980). Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics. Academic Press. 
  11. ↑ Nielsen, Michael A.; Chuang, Isaac L. (2010). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Cambridge University Press. 


Author: Harold Foppele


Source attribution: Physics:Quantum Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory

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