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<p>simplify</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Research area in physics}}<br /> &#039;&#039;&#039;Quantum nanoscience&#039;&#039;&#039; is the [[Basic research|basic research]] area at the intersection of [[Physics:Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]] science and quantum science that creates the understanding to enable development of [[Engineering:Nanotechnology|nanotechnologies]]. It uses [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]] to explore and use coherent quantum effects in engineered nanostructures. This may eventually lead to the design of new types of nanodevices and nanoscopic scale materials where functionality and structure of quantum nanodevices are described through quantum phenomena such as [[Physics:Quantum superposition|superposition]] and [[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]. With the growing work toward realization of quantum computing, quantum has taken on new meaning that describes the effects at this scale. Current quantum refers to the quantum mechanical phenomena of superposition, entanglement and quantum coherence that are engineered instead of naturally-occurring phenomena.<br /> <br /> ==Fundamental concepts==<br /> ===Coherence ===<br /> Quantum nanoscience explores and uses coherent quantum effects in engineered nanostructures. Coherence is the property of a quantum system that allows to predict its evolution in time, once it has been prepared in a superposition of different quantum states. This property is important when one intends to use the system for specific tasks, such as performing a sequence of logic operations in a quantum computer. Quantum coherence is fragile and can easily be lost if the system becomes too large or is subjected to uncontrolled interactions with the environment. Quantum coherence-enabled functionality holds the promise of making possible disruptive technologies such as [[Quantum computing|quantum computing]], quantum communication, quantum simulation, and quantum sensing. Coherent quantum effects at the nanoscale are relatively uncharted territory. Therefore, the field of quantum nanoscience is special among basic sciences because it provides a pathway into this frontier of human knowledge.<br /> <br /> Quantum coherence is at the very heart of quantum nanoscience. The goal of the field is to manipulate and exploit quantum-coherent functionality. Much of the quantum nanoscience is dedicated to understanding the mechanisms of [[Physics:Decoherence|decoherence]] in order to preserve and maximize coherence.<br /> <br /> ===Superposition===<br /> [[Physics:Quantum superposition|Superposition]] is the quantum phenomena wherein an entity can simultaneously exist in two states. The classic description is the thought experiment of Schroedinger’s Cat. In this gedanken experiment, the cat can be both alive and dead until the state of the cat is actually observed.<br /> <br /> ===Entanglement===<br /> [[Quantum entanglement|Entanglement]] can link the quantum states of two or more objects over any distance. Entanglement lies at the heart of [[Quantum teleportation|quantum teleportation]] and quantum communication.<br /> <br /> ==Enabling constituents==<br /> [[File:Quantum nanoscience - enabling constituents.jpg|thumb|The enabling constitutients: materials, tools, devices, and exploring quantumness that are in the pursuit of quantum coherent functionality are part of quantum nanoscience.]]<br /> The pursuit of quantum coherence-enabled functionality includes the enabling fields of quantum nanoscientific research, such as enabling materials and tools that are directed towards the goal of achieving coherence-enabled functionality. The elements of quantumness, materials, tools, and fabrication are all quantum and/or nano. Quantum nanoscience can include these as long as they are in pursuit of paths toward quantum coherent functionality.<br /> <br /> ==Applications==<br /> [[File:Technology applications of quantum nanoscience.jpg|thumb|Quantum nanoscience is the foundation for quantum nanotechnologies, and new quantum nanotechnologies create new opportunities for research in quantum nanoscience.]]<br /> * [[Quantum computing]]<br /> * Quantum communication is ultra-secure, hack-proof communication using entangled states.<br /> * [[Quantum simulator]]<br /> * Quantum sensing uses a quantum state in order to sense another object. The fragility of coherence can be turned into a resource by using the loss of coherence of the quantum system as a sensitive tool to probe the environment itself.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Physics:Quantum|Quantum]]<br /> * Quantum computer<br /> * Kavli Prize - awards for outstanding scientific work in the fields of [[Physics:Astrophysics|astrophysics]], nanoscience and [[Biology:Neuroscience|neuroscience]]<br /> * [[Organization:Center for Quantum Nanoscience|Center for Quantum Nanoscience]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite journal |last1= Feynman |first1= Richard P. |date= March 1992 |title= There&#039;s plenty of room at the bottom [data storage] |journal= Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems |volume= 1 |issue= 1 |pages= 60–66 |doi= 10.1109/84.128057 |s2cid= 40094454 |issn= 1057-7157 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1= Benioff |first1= Paul |date= May 1980 |title= The computer as a physical system: A microscopic quantum mechanical Hamiltonian model of computers as represented by Turing machines |journal= [[Physics:Journal of Statistical Physics|Journal of Statistical Physics]] |volume= 22 |issue= 5 |pages= 563–591 |doi= 10.1007/BF01011339 |bibcode= 1980JSP....22..563B |s2cid= 122949592 |issn= 1572-9613 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1= Benioff |first1= Paul |date= 7 June 1982 |title= Quantum Mechanical Models of Turing Machines That Dissipate No Energy |journal= [[Physics:Physical Review Letters|Physical Review Letters]] |volume= 48 |issue= 23 |pages= 1581–1585|doi= 10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1581 |bibcode= 1982PhRvL..48.1581B }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1= Eigler |first1= Donald |last2= Schweizer |first2= Erhard K. |date= 5 April 1990 |title= Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope |url= http://earl.wylie.solano.edu/nanotech/Eigler1990Paper.pdf |journal= Nature |volume= 344 |issue= 6266|pages= 524–526 |doi= 10.1038/344524a0 |bibcode= 1990Natur.344..524E |s2cid= 4323687 |access-date= 25 January 2019}}<br /> *{{cite journal |last1= Milburn |first1= Gerard J. |last2= Woolley |first2= M. J. |date= 2008 |title= Quantum nanoscience |journal= [[Physics:Contemporary Physics|Contemporary Physics]] |volume= 49 |issue= 6 |pages= 413–433 |doi= 10.1080/00107510802601724 |bibcode= 2008ConPh..49..413M |s2cid= 218544375 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1= Seeman |first1= Nadrian |date= 23 January 2003 |title= DNA in a material world |url= https://www2.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps296.4/spring04/papers/Seeman03.pdf |journal= Nature |volume= 421 |issue= 6921|pages= 247–231 |doi= 10.1038/nature01406 |access-date= 25 January 2019 |pmid= 12540916|bibcode= 2003Natur.421..427S |s2cid= 4335806 |doi-access= free }}<br /> * [[Biography:Gerard J. Milburn|Gerard J. Milburn]], [[Biography:Paul Davies|Paul Davies]], Schrödinger&#039;s Machines: The Quantum Technology Reshaping Everyday Life ({{ISBN|0716731061}})<br /> * [http://www.qubit.org/people/david/structure/Documents/Research%20Papers/PPQT.pdf Deutsch D., Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology], in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. (Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003)<br /> * [http://www.worldscinet.com/ijn/08/0804n05/S0219581X09005517.html V.E. Tarasov, Quantum Nanotechnology, International Journal of Nanoscience. Vol.8. No.4-5. (2009) 337—344.]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.narcis.nl/organisation/RecordID/ORG1240649/Language/en Department of Quantum Nanoscience - Kavli Institute of Nanoscience]<br /> * [https://www.ausnano.net/index.php?page=groups&amp;group=100 Quantum Nanoscience Group - The Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network]<br /> * [https://qns.science Center for Quantum Nanoscience]<br /> * [https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-nanotechnology/research-waterloo-institute-nanotechnology/facilities-equipment/quantum-nano-centre Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum Nanoscience Center]<br /> * [https://www.fz-juelich.de/pgi/pgi-3/EN/Home/home_node.html Quantum Nanoscience Division - Peter Grünberg Institute, Research Center Jülich]<br /> <br /> {{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nanotechnology]]<br /> [[Category:Quantum mechanics]]<br /> <br /> {{Sourceattribution|Quantum nanoscience|1}}</div>

imported>WikiHarold