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{{Quantum mechanics}}
'''Quantum metamaterials''' extend the science of metamaterials to the [[Quantum realm|quantum level]]. They can control [[Physics:Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]] by applying the rules of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]]. In the broad sense, a ''quantum metamaterial'' is a metamaterial in which certain quantum properties of the medium must be taken into account and whose behaviour is thus described by both [[Physics:Maxwell's equations|Maxwell's equations]] and the [[Physics:Schrödinger equation|Schrödinger equation]]. Its behaviour reflects the existence of both EM waves and matter waves. The constituents can be at nanoscopic or microscopic scales, depending on the frequency range (e.g., optical or microwave).<ref name=Plumridge>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1016/j.ssc.2008.03.027
|title=Ultra-strong coupling effects with quantum metamaterials
|year=2008
|last1=Plumridge
|first1=Jonathan
|last2=Clarke
|first2=Edmund
|last3=Murray
|first3=Ray
|last4=Phillips
|first4=Chris
|journal=Solid State Communications
|volume=146
|issue=9–10
|page=406|arxiv = cond-mat/0701775 |bibcode = 2008SSCom.146..406P |s2cid=119063144
}}</ref>
<ref name=Rakhmanov>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.77.144507
|title=Quantum metamaterials: Electromagnetic waves in a Josephson qubit line
|year=2008
|last1=Rakhmanov
|first1=Alexander
|last2=Zagoskin
|first2=Alexandre
|last3=Savel'ev
|first3=Sergey
|last4=Nori
|first4=Franco
|journal=Physical Review B
|volume=77
|issue=14
|page=144507|arxiv =0709.1314 |bibcode = 2008PhRvB..77n4507R|s2cid=8593352
|url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12797
}}</ref>
<ref name=Felbacq>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1117/2.1201206.004296
|title=Quantum metamaterials: A brave new world
|year=2012
|last1=Felbacq
|first1=Didier
|last2=Antezza
|first2=Mauro
|journal=SPIE Newsroom}}
Note: the DOI is linked to a full text article.</ref><ref name=JQ-Quach>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1364/OE.19.011018
|url=http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-19-12-11018&id=214211
|title=Reconfigurable quantum metamaterials
|year=2011
|last1=Quach
|first1=James Q.
|last2=Su
|first2=Chun-Hsu
|last3=Martin
|first3=Andrew M.
|last4=Greentree
|first4=Andrew D.
|last5=Hollenberg
|first5=Lloyd C. L.
|journal=Optics Express
|volume=19
|issue=12
|pages=11018–33
|pmid=21716331|bibcode = 2011OExpr..1911018Q |arxiv = 1009.4867 | s2cid=21069483 }}
Note: full text article available
- click on title.</ref><ref name=Zagoskin1>
{{cite book
| last=Zagoskin
| first=A.M.
|title=Quantum Engineering: Theory and Design of Quantum Coherent Structures
| publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}
| place = Cambridge
| pages = 272–311
| year=2011
| isbn=9780521113694}}</ref>

In a more strict approach, a quantum metamaterial should demonstrate coherent quantum dynamics. Such a system is essentially a spatially extended controllable quantum object that allows additional ways of controlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves.<ref name=Rakhmanov /><ref name=Felbacq/><ref name=JQ-Quach/><ref name=Zagoskin1/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Forrester|first1=Derek Michael|last2=Kusmartsev|first2=Feodor V.|date=2016-04-28|title=Whispering galleries and the control of artificial atoms|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|doi=10.1038/srep25084|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4848508|pmid=27122353|page=25084|bibcode=2016NatSR...625084F}}</ref>

Quantum metamaterials can be narrowly defined as optical media that:<ref name=Zagoskin2/>

* Are composed of quantum coherent unit elements with engineered parameters;
* Exhibit controllable quantum states of these elements;
* Maintain quantum coherence for longer than the traversal time of a relevant electromagnetic signal.<ref name=Zagoskin2>
{{cite web
| last = Zagoskin
| first = Alexandre
| title = Quantum metamaterials: concept and possible implementations
| publisher =META CONFERENCES, META'12
| date = December 5, 2011
| url = http://metaconferences.org/ocs/index.php/META/META12/paper/view/619
| location = Paris
| access-date =2012-08-05}}</ref><ref name=Pile>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1038/nphoton.2012.155
|title=Metamaterials mature
|year=2012
|last1=Pile
|first1=David
|journal=Nature Photonics
|volume=6
|issue=7
|page=419 |bibcode = 2012NaPho...6..419P |s2cid=123129422
}}</ref>

==Research==
Fundamental research in quantum metamaterials creates opportunities for novel investigations in [[Physics:Quantum phase transition|quantum phase transition]], new perspectives on [[Physics:Adiabatic quantum computation|adiabatic quantum computation]] and a route to other [[Engineering:Quantum technology|quantum technology]] applications. Such a system is essentially a spatially-extended controllable quantum object that allows additional ways of controlling electromagnetic wave propagation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Zagoskin2/>

In other words, quantum metamaterials incorporate quantum coherent states in order to control and manipulate [[Physics:Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. With these materials, [[Quantum information|quantum information]] processing is combined with the science of metamaterials (periodic artificial electromagnetic materials). The unit cells can be imagined to function as [[Qubit|qubit]]s that maintain quantum coherence "long enough for the electromagnetic pulse to travel across". The quantum state is achieved through the material's individual cells. As each cell interacts with the propagating electromagnetic pulse, the whole system retains quantum coherence.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Zagoskin2/>

Several types of metamaterials are being studied. [[Physics:Nanowire|Nanowire]]s can use quantum dots as the unit cells or artificial atoms of the structure, arranged as periodic [[Physics:Nanostructures|nanostructures]]. This material demonstrates a negative index of refraction and effective magnetism and is simple to build. The radiated wavelength of interest is much larger than the constituent diameter. Another type uses periodically arranged cold atom cells, accomplished with ultra-cold gasses. A photonic bandgap can be demonstrated with this structure, along with tunability and control as a quantum system.<ref name=Felbacq/> Quantum metamaterial prototypes based on [[Physics:Superconducting|superconducting]] devices with
<ref name=Astafiev>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1126/science.1181918
|title=Resonance Fluorescence of a Single Artificial Atom
|year=2010
|last1=Astafiev
|first1=O.
|last2=Zagoskin
|first2=A.M.
|last3=Abdumalikov Jr.
|first3=A.A.
|last4=Pashkin
|first4=Yu.A.
|last5=Yamamoto
|first5=T.
|last6=Inomata
|first6=K.
|last7=Nakamura
|first7=Y.
|last8=Tsai
|first8=J.S.
|journal=Science
|volume=327
|issue=5967
|pages=840–3
|pmid=20150495 |arxiv = 1002.4944 |bibcode = 2010Sci...327..840A |s2cid=206523434
}}</ref>
<ref name=Hutter>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.83.014511
|title=Josephson junction transmission lines as tunable artificial crystals
|year=2011
|last1=Hutter
|first1=Carsten
|last2=Tholén
|first2=Erik A.
|last3=Stannigel
|first3=Kai
|last4=Lidmar
|first4=Jack
|last5=Haviland
|first5=David B.
|journal=Physical Review B
|volume=83
|issue=1
|page=014511 |arxiv = 0804.2099 |bibcode = 2011PhRvB..83a4511H |s2cid=18117600
}}</ref>
and without <ref name=Savinov>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1038/srep00450
|title=Flux Exclusion Superconducting Quantum Metamaterial: Towards Quantum-level Switching
|year=2012
|last1=Savinov
|first1=V.
|last2=Tsiatmas
|first2=A.
|last3=Buckingham
|first3=A. R.
|last4=Fedotov
|first4=V. A.
|last5=de Groot
|first5=P. A. J.
|last6=Zheludev
|first6=N. I.
|journal=Scientific Reports
|volume=2
|page=450
|pmid=22690319
|pmc=3371586 |bibcode = 2012NatSR...2E.450S }}</ref> Josephson junctions are being actively investigated. Recently a superconducting quantum metamaterial prototype based on flux qubits was realized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Emerging Technology From the arXiv September 30, 2013 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/view/519731/worlds-first-quantum-metamaterial-unveiled |title=World's First Quantum Metamaterial Unveiled | MIT Technology Review |publisher=Technologyreview.com |date=2013-09-30 |access-date=2013-10-07}}<br/>{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2013/09/30/metaquantum/ |title=Наука и техника: Наука: Российские физики создали первый в мире квантовый метаматериал |publisher=Lenta.ru |access-date=2013-10-07}}<br/>{{cite journal|arxiv=1309.5268 |title=Implementation of a Quantum Metamaterial |year=2014 |last1=Macha |first1=Pascal |last2=Oelsner |first2=Gregor |last3=Reiner |first3=Jan-Michael |last4=Marthaler |first4=Michael |last5=André |first5=Stephan |last6=Schön |first6=Gerd |last7=Huebner |first7=Uwe |last8=Meyer |first8=Hans-Georg |last9=Il'ichev |first9=Evgeni |last10= Ustinov |first10=Alexey V. |doi=10.1038/ncomms6146 |pmid=25312205 |volume=5 |journal=Nature Communications |page=5146|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.5146M |s2cid=7835759 }}</ref>

==See also==
* Negative index metamaterials
* [[Physics:Introduction to quantum mechanics|Introduction to quantum mechanics]]
* [[Engineering:Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology]]
* [[Engineering:History of metamaterials|History of metamaterials]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* META 12. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002183303/http://metaconferences.org/ocs/index.php/META/index/pages/view/special-sessions Special Sessions].
* Conference on [https://qcn.physics.uoc.gr/qmm2015/ Quantum Metamaterials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165641/https://qcn.physics.uoc.gr/qmm2015/ |date=2020-08-06 }}
* Quantum metamaterials [http://spie.org/x87469.xml SPIE]

{{emerging technologies|quantum=yes|other=yes}}

[[Category:Metamaterials]]
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

{{Sourceattribution|Quantum metamaterial}}

Physics:Quantum metamaterial - Revision history

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imported>WikiHarold: fixing