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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Quantum book backlink|Timeline}}<br />
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The '''quantum information era''' marks the modern phase of [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], in which information itself is treated as a physical quantity governed by quantum laws. Beginning in the late 20th century, this era combines [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], [[Physics:Quantum information theory|information theory]], and [[Computer science|computer science]] to explore how quantum systems can process, store, and transmit information.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watrous |first=John |title=The Theory of Quantum Information |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Quantum_circuit_superposition_entanglement_yellow_bg.png|300px]]<br />
<div style="font-size:90%;">Quantum circuit illustrating superposition, entanglement, and measurement: Hadamard gates create superposition, CNOT gates generate entanglement, and measurements collapse qubits into classical outcomes.</div><br />
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== Overview ==<br />
Unlike classical information, which is encoded in bits (0 or 1), quantum information is stored in [[Physics:Quantum Qubit|qubits]] that can exist in superpositions of states.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nielsen |first1=Michael A. |last2=Chuang |first2=Isaac L. |title=Quantum Computation and Quantum Information |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />
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A key resource is [[Physics:Quantum entanglement|quantum entanglement]], which allows correlations between particles that have no classical analogue.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bub |first=Jeffrey |title=Quantum Entanglement and Information |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2023}}</ref><br />
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== Historical development ==<br />
The quantum information era emerged from several key breakthroughs:<br />
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* '''1980s''' – [[Biography:Richard Feynman|Richard Feynman]] and [[Biography:David Deutsch|David Deutsch]] propose quantum computation as a physical model<br />
* '''1994''' – [[Biography:Peter Shor|Peter Shor]] introduces a quantum algorithm for factoring integers, threatening classical cryptography<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shor |first=Peter W. |title=Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer |journal=SIAM Review}}</ref><br />
* '''1996''' – [[Biography:Lov Grover|Lov Grover]] develops a quantum search algorithm<br />
* '''2000s''' – Experimental advances in [[Physics:Quantum teleportation|quantum teleportation]] and quantum communication<br />
* '''2010s–present''' – Development of scalable quantum processors by companies such as [[IBM]] and [[Google]]<br />
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These developments established quantum information science as a central field of modern physics.<br />
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== Technology and applications ==<br />
Quantum information science has led to new technologies:<br />
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* [[Physics:Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era|quantum computing]] – computation using [[Physics:Quantum Superposition principle|quantum superposition]] and entanglement<br />
* [[Physics:Quantum cryptography|quantum cryptography]] – secure communication based on quantum principles<br />
* [[Physics:Quantum teleportation|quantum teleportation]] – transfer of quantum states using entanglement<br />
* [[Physics:Quantum error correction|quantum error correction]] – protecting fragile quantum information<br />
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Modern quantum computers can now exceed 100 [[Physics:Quantum Qubit|qubits]], though challenges such as [[Physics:Quantum Decoherence|quantum decoherence]] and error rates remain significant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schlosshauer |first=Maximilian |title=Quantum decoherence |journal=Physics Reports |date=2019}}</ref><br />
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== Scientific impact ==<br />
The quantum information era reshaped both physics and computer science:<br />
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* Information is now viewed as a physical entity<br />
* Computational limits are redefined by [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]]<br />
* New mathematical fields such as quantum complexity theory have emerged<br />
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The discovery that quantum computers could break classical encryption systems led to the development of [[post-quantum cryptography]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Bernstein |first=Daniel J. |title=Post-quantum Cryptography |date=2025}}</ref><br />
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=See also=<br />
{{#invoke:PhysicsQC|tocHeadingAndList|Physics:Quantum basics/See also}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
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{{Author|Harold Foppele}}<br />
{{Sourceattribution|Physics:Quantum information science|1}}</div>imported>WikiHarold