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{{short description|Material, whose properties are dominated by quantum effects}}
'''Quantum materials''' is an umbrella term in [[Physics:Condensed matter physics|condensed matter physics]] that encompasses all materials whose essential properties cannot be described in terms of [[Physics:Semiclassical physics|semiclassical]] particles and low-level [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Cava|first1=Robert|last2=de Leon|first2=Nathalie|last3=xie3|first3=Weiwei|date=10 March 2021|title=Introduction: Quantum Materials|journal=Chemical Reviews|language=en|volume=121|issue=5|pages=2777–2779|doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01322|pmid=33715377|issn=0009-2665|doi-access=free}}</ref> These are materials that present strong [[Physics:Strongly correlated material|electronic correlations]] or some type of electronic order, such as [[Physics:Superconductivity|superconducting]] or magnetic orders, or materials whose electronic properties are linked to ''non-generic'' quantum effects – [[Physics:Topological insulator|topological insulator]]s, [[Physics:Dirac matter|Dirac electron systems]] such as [[Physics:Graphene|graphene]], as well as systems whose collective properties are governed by genuinely quantum behavior, such as [[Physics:Ultracold atom|ultra-cold atoms]], cold [[Physics:Exciton|excitons]], [[Physics:Polariton|polaritons]], and so forth. On the microscopic level, four fundamental degrees of freedom – that of charge, spin, orbit and lattice – become intertwined, resulting in complex electronic states;<ref name=":0" /> the concept of [[Philosophy:Emergence|emergence]] is a common thread in the study of quantum materials.<ref name="rise_of_quantum_materials">{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2016|title=The rise of quantum materials|journal=Nature Physics|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=105|doi=10.1038/nphys3668|issn=1745-2473|bibcode=2016NatPh..12..105.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Quantum materials exhibit puzzling properties with no counterpart in the macroscopic world: quantum entanglement, quantum fluctuations, robust boundary states dependent on the topology of the materials' bulk wave functions, etc.<ref name=":0" /> Quantum anomalies such as the [[Physics:Chiral magnetic effect|chiral magnetic effect]] link some quantum materials with processes in high-energy physics of [[Physics:Quark–gluon plasma|quark-gluon plasmas]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kharzeev|first=Dmitri E.|date=1 March 2014|title=The Chiral Magnetic Effect and anomaly-induced transport|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146641014000039|journal=Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics|language=en|volume=75|pages=133–151|doi=10.1016/j.ppnp.2014.01.002|issn=0146-6410|arxiv=1312.3348|bibcode=2014PrPNP..75..133K |s2cid=118508661 }}</ref>

== History ==
In 2012, Joseph Orenstein published an article in ''Physics Today'' about "ultrafast spectroscopy of quantum materials".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orenstein|first=Joseph|date=31 August 2012|title=Ultrafast spectroscopy of quantum materials|journal=Physics Today|volume=65|issue=9|pages=44–50|language=en|doi=10.1063/PT.3.1717|bibcode=2012PhT....65i..44O}}</ref> Orenstein stated,{{quote|Quantum materials is a label that has come to signify the area of condensed-matter physics formerly known as strongly correlated electronic systems. Although the field is broad, a unifying theme is the discovery and investigation of materials whose electronic properties cannot be understood with concepts from contemporary condensed-matter textbooks.}} As a paradigmatic example, Orenstein refers to the breakdown of Landau [[Physics:Fermi liquid theory|Fermi liquid theory]] due to strong correlations. The use of the term "quantum materials" has been extended and applied to other systems, such as topological insulators, and Dirac electron materials. The term has gained momentum since the article "The rise of quantum materials" was published in ''[[Physics:Nature Physics|Nature Physics]]'' in 2016.<ref name="rise_of_quantum_materials" /> Quoting:{{quote|on a trivial level all materials exist thanks to the laws of quantum mechanics, and there are cynics who will privately wonder if the description isn't too broad and, well, catchy for its own good. But given the history of condensed-matter physics that we have just outlined, there are good reasons to embrace quantum materials. In essence, they provide a common thread linking disparate communities of researchers working on a variety of problems at the frontiers of physics, materials science and engineering.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

{{Sourceattribution|Quantum materials}}

Physics:Quantum materials - Revision history

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