Biography:Hantaro Nagaoka - Revision history

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	* [http://www.answers.com/topic/hantaro-nagaoka#ixzz1lukPUrvL H. Nagaoka]		* [http://www.answers.com/topic/hantaro-nagaoka#ixzz1lukPUrvL H. Nagaoka]
	* [https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/figures/ Historical Figures of RIKEN]		* [https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/figures/ Historical Figures of RIKEN]



	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaoka, Hantaro}}~~
	~~[[Category:1865 births]]~~
	~~[[Category:1950 deaths]]~~
	~~[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Culture]]~~
	~~[[Category:Academic staff of Osaka University]]~~
	~~[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tokyo]]~~
	~~[[Category:University of Tokyo alumni]]~~
	~~[[Category:Kaisei Academy alumni]]~~
	~~[[Category:Japanese theoretical physicists]]~~
	~~[[Category:20th-century Japanese physicists]]~~
	~~[[Category:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]~~
	~~[[Category:Riken personnel]]~~
	~~[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]~~
	~~[[Category:Members of the Japan Academy]]~~
	~~[[Category:Scientists from Nagasaki Prefecture]]~~

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	\|known_for =		\|known_for =
	\| notable_students = Kotaro Honda<br>Hideki Yukawa<br>Suekichi Kinoshita		\| notable_students = Kotaro Honda<br>Hideki Yukawa<br>Suekichi Kinoshita
	~~\|relatives = Nagaoka Nobuko (granddaughter)~~
	\|prizes =		\|prizes =
	}}		}}
	[[File:HantaroNagaoka.jpg\|thumb\|Relief of Nagaoka in Science Museum in Tokyo\|alt=]]		[[File:HantaroNagaoka.jpg\|thumb\|Relief of Nagaoka in Science Museum in Tokyo\|alt=]]
	'''Hantaro Nagaoka''' ~~(?? ???, Nagaoka Hantar?;~~ August 19, 1865 - December 11, 1950) was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the Meiji period.		'''Hantaro Nagaoka''' August 19, 1865 - December 11, 1950) was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the Meiji period.

	== Life ==		== Life ==

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	\|birth_date = August 19, 1865		\|birth_date = August 19, 1865
	\|death_date = December 11, 1950 (aged 85)		\|death_date = December 11, 1950 (aged 85)
	\|birth_place = [[Ōmura, Nagasaki]], Japan		\|birth_place = Ōmura, Nagasaki, Japan
	\|death_place = Tokyo, Japan		\|death_place = Tokyo, Japan
	\|field = Physics		\|field = Physics

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	~~{{Nihongo\|~~'''Hantaro Nagaoka'''~~\|長岡半太郎\|~~Nagaoka ~~Hantarō\|~~August 19, 1865 – December 11, 1950}} was a Japanese [[physicist]] and a pioneer of Japanese [[physics]] during the [[Meiji period]].		'''Hantaro Nagaoka''' (?? ???, Nagaoka Hantar?; August 19, 1865 - December 11, 1950) was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the Meiji period.

	== Life ==		== Life ==

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{{Short description|Japanese physicist (1865–1950)}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Hantaro Nagaoka
|image = Hantaro Nagaoka.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|08|19}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|12|11|1865|08|19}}
|birth_place = [[Ōmura, Nagasaki]], Japan
|death_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan
|field = [[Physics]]
|known_for =
| notable_students = [[Kotaro Honda]]<br>[[Hideki Yukawa]]<br>[[Suekichi Kinoshita]]
|relatives = [[Nagaoka Nobuko]] (granddaughter)
|prizes =
}}
[[File:HantaroNagaoka.jpg|thumb|Relief of Nagaoka in Science Museum in Tokyo|alt=]]
{{Nihongo|'''Hantaro Nagaoka'''|長岡半太郎|Nagaoka Hantarō|August 19, 1865 – December 11, 1950}} was a Japanese [[physicist]] and a pioneer of Japanese [[physics]] during the [[Meiji period]].

== Life ==

Nagaoka was born in Nagasaki, Japan on August 19, 1865 and educated at the [[University of Tokyo]].<ref name=Gillispie/>{{rp|633}} After graduating with a degree in physics in 1887, Nagaoka worked with a visiting Scottish physicist, [[Cargill Gilston Knott]], on early problems in magnetism, namely [[magnetostriction]] in liquid nickel. In 1893, Nagaoka traveled to Europe, where he continued his education at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Vienna, including courses on Saturn's rings and a course with [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] on his Kinetic Theory of Gases, two influences which would be reflected in Nagaoka's later work. Nagaoka also attended, in 1900, the first [[International Congress of Physics]] in Paris, where he heard [[Marie Curie]] lecture on radioactivity, an event that aroused Nagaoka's interest in atomic physics. Nagaoka returned to Japan in 1901 and served as professor of physics at [[Tokyo University]] until 1925.<ref name=Gillispie/> After his retirement from Tokyo University, Nagaoka was appointed a head scientist at [[RIKEN]], and also served as the first president of [[Osaka University]], from 1931 to 1934.

His granddaughter was pianist [[Nagaoka Nobuko]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamamoto |first=Takashi |title=Leo Sirota: The Pianist Who Loved Japan |publisher=First Servant Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-4-9910037-1-4 |location=Kashiwa |pages=182 |translator-last=Bantock |translator-first=Gavin |translator-last2=Inukai |translator-first2=Takao}}</ref>

==Saturnian model of the atom==

By 1900 physicists had begun to consider new models for the structure of the atom. The recent discovery by [[J. J. Thomson]] of the negatively charged [[electron]] implied that a neutral atom must also contain an opposite positive charge. In 1904, Thomson suggested that the atom was a sphere of uniform positive electrification, with electrons scattered through it like plums in a pudding, giving rise to the term [[plum pudding model]].

Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the grounds that opposite charges are impenetrable. In 1904, Nagaoka proposed an alternative [[planetary model]] of the [[atom]] in which a positively charged center is surrounded by a number of revolving electrons, in the manner of Saturn and its rings.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=B. Bryson
|title=A Short History of Nearly Everything
|title-link=A Short History of Nearly Everything
|publisher=[[Broadway Books]]
|year=2003
|isbn=0-7679-0817-1
|author-link=Bill Bryson
}}</ref>

Nagaoka's model featured:
* a very massive atomic center (in analogy to a very massive planet)
* thousands of electrons revolving around the nucleus, bound by electrostatic forces (in analogy to the rings revolving around Saturn, bound by gravitational forces).
For his model to be stable, Nagaoka showed that the central charge had to be 10,000 times the charge on the electron.<ref name=Kragh2010>Helge Kragh (Oct. 2010). [https://css.au.dk/fileadmin/reposs/reposs-010.pdf Before Bohr: Theories of atomic structure 1850-1913]. RePoSS: Research Publications on Science Studies 10. Aarhus: Centre for Science Studies, University of Aarhus.</ref>{{rp|38}}

Based on his model, Nagaoka suggested that radioactive [[beta decay]] resulted from instability in the electron orbits. However this explanation did not account for important aspects of radioactivity such as its random nature and the high energy of alpha particle emission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kragh |first=Helge |date=1997 |title=The Origin of Radioactivity: From Solvable Problem to Unsolved Non-Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41134112 |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=50 |issue=3/4 |pages=331–358 |issn=0003-9519}}</ref>{{rp|343}} He also suggested that the model would explain atomic spectra and chemical properties.<ref name=Kragh2010/>{{rp|38}}

[[Ernest Rutherford]] mentions Nagaoka's model in his 1911 paper in which the [[atomic nucleus]] is proposed.<ref name="Rutherford 1911">{{cite journal | last=Rutherford | first=E. |author-link=Ernest Rutherford | title=LXXIX. The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom | journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science | volume=21 | issue=125 | year=1911 | issn=1941-5982 | url=https://web.mit.edu/8.13/8.13c/references-fall/rutherford/rutherford-scattering-of-alpha-and-beta-particles.pdf |doi=10.1080/14786440508637080 | pages=669–688}}</ref> However Nagaoka's work probably did not influence Rutherford's proposal.<ref name=Heilbron1968>{{cite journal |author=John L. Heilbron |date=January 1968 |title=The Scattering of α and β Particles and Rutherford's Atom |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=247-307 |doi=10.1007/BF00411591 |ref=refHeilbron1968}}</ref>

Nagaoka's model was widely discussed by prominent scientists of the day, but a detailed study by [[George Adolphus Schott| George Schott]] showed the model could not correctly predict atomic spectra.<ref name=Kragh2010/>{{rp|38}}
Nagaoka himself abandoned his proposed model in 1908.
Rutherford and [[Niels Bohr]] would present the more viable [[Bohr model]] in 1913.

==Other works==

Nagaoka later did research in [[spectroscopy]] and other fields. In 1909, he published a paper on the [[Inductor|inductance]] of [[solenoid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last=Nagaoka
|first=Hantaro
|title=The Inductance Coefficients of Solenoids
|url=http://www.g3ynh.info/zdocs/refs/Nagaoka1909.pdf
|journal=Journal of the College of Science
|publisher=Imperial University
|location=Tokyo, Japan
|page=18
|volume=27
|issue=6 
|date=1909-05-06
|archive-date=2019-12-17
|access-date=2011-02-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217051434/http://www.g3ynh.info/zdocs/refs/Nagaoka1909.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> In 1924, he achieved the first successful [[Gold#Synthesis|synthesis of gold]], produced from [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] by neutron bombardment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miethe |first1=A. |year=1924 |title=Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms |journal=Die Naturwissenschaften |volume=12 |issue=29 |pages=597–598 |bibcode=1924NW.....12..597M |doi=10.1007/BF01505547 |s2cid=35613814}}</ref> In 1929, Nagaoka became the first person to describe [[meteor burst communications]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hantaro Nagaoka |title=Possibility of the radio transmission being disturbed by meteoric showers |journal= Proceedings of the Imperial Academy|volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=233–236 |year=1929|doi=10.2183/pjab1912.5.233 |doi-access=free }} Cited in {{cite book |author=Wilhelm Nupen |title=Bibliography on meteoric radio wave propagation |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographyonme94nupe |year=1961 |publisher=U.S. National Bureau of Standards |location=Washington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bibliographyonme94nupe/page/76 76] |access-date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

Nagoka also did early research on [[earthquake]]s, from the 1900s to the 1920s, building upon works published Europe; "One used the principle of [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] studies against the background of the current that succeeded in France in the first half of the 19th century. The other defined potential functions and explained phenomena from continuous equations of the nature of waves against the background of new currents that emerged in Britain or Germany from the mid-19th century onwards."<ref>{{cite journal|language=Japanese |last1=HISHIKI |first1=Fuuka |date=December 23, 2022 |title=物理学者長岡半太郎の1900年代～1920年代における地震研究の理論的手法の再検討 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bnmnsscieng/45/0/45_1/_article/-char/en |journal=Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series E |volume=45 |issue= |pages=1–11 |doi=10.50826/bnmnsscieng.45.0.1 |access-date=December 29, 2023}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

*For his lifetime of scientific work, Nagaoka was granted the [[Order of Culture]] by the Japanese government in 1937.
*The [[Nagaoka (crater)|Nagaoka crater]] on the [[Moon]] is named after him.

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Gillispie>{{cite book
|editor=C.C. Gillispie
|title=Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography
|edition=2nd
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00/page/633 633]
|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
|year=2000
|isbn=0-684-80631-2
|editor-link=Charles Coulston Gillispie
|url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00/page/606
}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/hantaro-nagaoka#ixzz1lukPUrvL H. Nagaoka]
* [https://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/figures/ Historical Figures of RIKEN]

{{Atomic models}}
{{Presidents of Osaka University}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaoka, Hantaro}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Culture]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osaka University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tokyo]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo alumni]]
[[Category:Kaisei Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Japanese theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese physicists]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Riken personnel]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Japan Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nagasaki Prefecture]]