Biography:Abraham Klein - Revision history

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Place biography table of contents at upper left

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	{{Short description\|American theoretical physicist}}		{{Short description\|American theoretical physicist}}
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WikiHarold: Remove visible disambiguation from Abraham Klein references

2026-05-24T19:59:52Z

Remove visible disambiguation from Abraham Klein references

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	Klein's early research grew out of quantum field theory and nuclear-force problems influenced by Schwinger's methods.<ref name="pt" /> At Penn he developed a long-term program in nuclear many-body theory, collective motion, and symmetry restoration. His work with Arthur K. Kerman led to what Physics Today called the Kerman-Klein formalism, a method for restoring broken symmetries in mean-field descriptions of finite many-particle systems.<ref name="pt" /><ref name="kerman1963">{{Cite journal \|last1=Kerman \|first1=Arthur K. \|last2=Klein \|first2=Abraham \|date=1963 \|title=Generalized Hartree-Fock Approximation for the Calculation of Collective States of a Finite Many-Particle System \|journal=Physical Review \|volume=132 \|issue=3 \|pages=1326-1342 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.132.1326}}</ref>		Klein's early research grew out of quantum field theory and nuclear-force problems influenced by Schwinger's methods.<ref name="pt" /> At Penn he developed a long-term program in nuclear many-body theory, collective motion, and symmetry restoration. His work with Arthur K. Kerman led to what Physics Today called the Kerman-Klein formalism, a method for restoring broken symmetries in mean-field descriptions of finite many-particle systems.<ref name="pt" /><ref name="kerman1963">{{Cite journal \|last1=Kerman \|first1=Arthur K. \|last2=Klein \|first2=Abraham \|date=1963 \|title=Generalized Hartree-Fock Approximation for the Calculation of Collective States of a Finite Many-Particle System \|journal=Physical Review \|volume=132 \|issue=3 \|pages=1326-1342 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.132.1326}}</ref>

	Klein also worked on boson mappings of Lie algebras, interacting-boson descriptions of nuclei, and theories of large-amplitude collective motion.<ref name="pt" /> In the 1970s and 1980s he continued to connect nuclear collective models with broader many-body and field-theoretic methods.<ref name="~~wiki~~"~~>{{Cite web \|title=Abraham Klein \|url=https:~~/~~/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Klein_(physicist) \|publisher=Wikipedia \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref~~>		Klein also worked on boson mappings of Lie algebras, interacting-boson descriptions of nuclei, and theories of large-amplitude collective motion.<ref name="pt" /> In the 1970s and 1980s he continued to connect nuclear collective models with broader many-body and field-theoretic methods.<ref name="pt" />

	In 1964 Klein and his student [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee\|Benjamin W. Lee]] published a Physical Review Letters paper on whether spontaneous symmetry breaking necessarily implies zero-mass particles.<ref name="kleinlee1964">{{Cite journal \|last1=Klein \|first1=A. \|last2=Lee \|first2=B. W. \|date=1964 \|title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles? \|journal=Physical Review Letters \|volume=12 \|issue=10 \|pages=266-268 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266}}</ref> The paper became part of the early literature around spontaneous symmetry breaking and the development of the Higgs mechanism. Lee, later a major particle theorist, completed his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania under Klein's direction.<ref name="fermibenlee">{{Cite web \|title=About Benjamin W. Lee \|url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/ben_lee/about.html \|publisher=Fermilab \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>		In 1964 Klein and his student [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee\|Benjamin W. Lee]] published a Physical Review Letters paper on whether spontaneous symmetry breaking necessarily implies zero-mass particles.<ref name="kleinlee1964">{{Cite journal \|last1=Klein \|first1=A. \|last2=Lee \|first2=B. W. \|date=1964 \|title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles? \|journal=Physical Review Letters \|volume=12 \|issue=10 \|pages=266-268 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266}}</ref> The paper became part of the early literature around spontaneous symmetry breaking and the development of the Higgs mechanism. Lee, later a major particle theorist, completed his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania under Klein's direction.<ref name="fermibenlee">{{Cite web \|title=About Benjamin W. Lee \|url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/ben_lee/about.html \|publisher=Fermilab \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>

WikiHarold: Clean visible Abraham Klein title

2026-05-24T19:58:33Z

Clean visible Abraham Klein title

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 24 May 2026
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	Klein's early research grew out of quantum field theory and nuclear-force problems influenced by Schwinger's methods.<ref name="pt" /> At Penn he developed a long-term program in nuclear many-body theory, collective motion, and symmetry restoration. His work with Arthur K. Kerman led to what Physics Today called the Kerman-Klein formalism, a method for restoring broken symmetries in mean-field descriptions of finite many-particle systems.<ref name="pt" /><ref name="kerman1963">{{Cite journal \|last1=Kerman \|first1=Arthur K. \|last2=Klein \|first2=Abraham \|date=1963 \|title=Generalized Hartree-Fock Approximation for the Calculation of Collective States of a Finite Many-Particle System \|journal=Physical Review \|volume=132 \|issue=3 \|pages=1326-1342 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.132.1326}}</ref>		Klein's early research grew out of quantum field theory and nuclear-force problems influenced by Schwinger's methods.<ref name="pt" /> At Penn he developed a long-term program in nuclear many-body theory, collective motion, and symmetry restoration. His work with Arthur K. Kerman led to what Physics Today called the Kerman-Klein formalism, a method for restoring broken symmetries in mean-field descriptions of finite many-particle systems.<ref name="pt" /><ref name="kerman1963">{{Cite journal \|last1=Kerman \|first1=Arthur K. \|last2=Klein \|first2=Abraham \|date=1963 \|title=Generalized Hartree-Fock Approximation for the Calculation of Collective States of a Finite Many-Particle System \|journal=Physical Review \|volume=132 \|issue=3 \|pages=1326-1342 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.132.1326}}</ref>

	Klein also worked on boson mappings of Lie algebras, interacting-boson descriptions of nuclei, and theories of large-amplitude collective motion.<ref name="pt" /> In the 1970s and 1980s he continued to connect nuclear collective models with broader many-body and field-theoretic methods.<ref name="wiki">{{Cite web \|title=Abraham Klein ~~(physicist)~~ \|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Klein_(physicist) \|publisher=Wikipedia \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>		Klein also worked on boson mappings of Lie algebras, interacting-boson descriptions of nuclei, and theories of large-amplitude collective motion.<ref name="pt" /> In the 1970s and 1980s he continued to connect nuclear collective models with broader many-body and field-theoretic methods.<ref name="wiki">{{Cite web \|title=Abraham Klein \|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Klein_(physicist) \|publisher=Wikipedia \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>

	In 1964 Klein and his student [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee\|Benjamin W. Lee]] published a Physical Review Letters paper on whether spontaneous symmetry breaking necessarily implies zero-mass particles.<ref name="kleinlee1964">{{Cite journal \|last1=Klein \|first1=A. \|last2=Lee \|first2=B. W. \|date=1964 \|title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles? \|journal=Physical Review Letters \|volume=12 \|issue=10 \|pages=266-268 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266}}</ref> The paper became part of the early literature around spontaneous symmetry breaking and the development of the Higgs mechanism. Lee, later a major particle theorist, completed his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania under Klein's direction.<ref name="fermibenlee">{{Cite web \|title=About Benjamin W. Lee \|url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/ben_lee/about.html \|publisher=Fermilab \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>		In 1964 Klein and his student [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee\|Benjamin W. Lee]] published a Physical Review Letters paper on whether spontaneous symmetry breaking necessarily implies zero-mass particles.<ref name="kleinlee1964">{{Cite journal \|last1=Klein \|first1=A. \|last2=Lee \|first2=B. W. \|date=1964 \|title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles? \|journal=Physical Review Letters \|volume=12 \|issue=10 \|pages=266-268 \|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266}}</ref> The paper became part of the early literature around spontaneous symmetry breaking and the development of the Higgs mechanism. Lee, later a major particle theorist, completed his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania under Klein's direction.<ref name="fermibenlee">{{Cite web \|title=About Benjamin W. Lee \|url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/ben_lee/about.html \|publisher=Fermilab \|access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>

WikiHarold: Create Abraham Klein biography

2026-05-24T19:56:45Z

Create Abraham Klein biography

New page

{{Short description|American theoretical physicist}}
{{Biography page}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Abraham Klein
| image = Abraham Klein Physics Today.jpg
| caption = Abraham Klein
| birth_date = 10 January 1927
| birth_place = Brooklyn, New York, United States
| death_date = 20 January 2003
| fields = Theoretical physics; nuclear physics; quantum field theory
| work_institutions = Harvard University; University of Pennsylvania
| alma_mater = Brooklyn College; Harvard University
| doctoral_advisor = [[Biography:Julian Schwinger|Julian Schwinger]]
| doctoral_students = [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee|Benjamin W. Lee]]
| known_for = Kerman-Klein formalism; nuclear many-body theory; work on spontaneous symmetry breaking
}}

'''Abraham Klein''' (10 January 1927 - 20 January 2003) was an American theoretical physicist known for work in nuclear theory, [[Physics:Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]], and the [[Physics:Quantum many-body problem|many-body problem]].<ref name="pt">{{Cite journal |last=Dang |first=Giu Do |date=2003-10-01 |title=Abraham Klein |url=https://physicstoday.aip.org/obituaries/abraham-klein |journal=Physics Today |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=80-81 |doi=10.1063/1.1629015 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref><ref name="upenn">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Abraham Klein, Physicist |url=https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/v49/n19/deaths.html |website=University of Pennsylvania Almanac |date=2003-01-28 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> He spent most of his career at the University of Pennsylvania, where he became professor of physics in 1958 and emeritus professor in 1994.<ref name="upenn" />

== Education and career ==
Klein was born in Brooklyn, New York. He received a B.A. in physics from Brooklyn College in 1947, then earned an M.A. in physics in 1948 and a Ph.D. in 1950 from Harvard University.<ref name="pt" /><ref name="upenn" /> His doctoral adviser was [[Biography:Julian Schwinger|Julian Schwinger]], and his dissertation dealt with relativistic meson-field theory and nucleon interactions.<ref name="mgp">{{Cite web |title=Abraham Klein |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=253376 |website=The Mathematics Genealogy Project |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>

After completing his doctorate, Klein remained at Harvard as an instructor and then as a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows.<ref name="pt" /> In 1955 he joined the University of Pennsylvania as an associate professor of physics. He was promoted to professor in 1958 and remained at Penn until his retirement in 1994.<ref name="upenn" />

== Research ==
Klein's early research grew out of quantum field theory and nuclear-force problems influenced by Schwinger's methods.<ref name="pt" /> At Penn he developed a long-term program in nuclear many-body theory, collective motion, and symmetry restoration. His work with Arthur K. Kerman led to what Physics Today called the Kerman-Klein formalism, a method for restoring broken symmetries in mean-field descriptions of finite many-particle systems.<ref name="pt" /><ref name="kerman1963">{{Cite journal |last1=Kerman |first1=Arthur K. |last2=Klein |first2=Abraham |date=1963 |title=Generalized Hartree-Fock Approximation for the Calculation of Collective States of a Finite Many-Particle System |journal=Physical Review |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=1326-1342 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.132.1326}}</ref>

Klein also worked on boson mappings of Lie algebras, interacting-boson descriptions of nuclei, and theories of large-amplitude collective motion.<ref name="pt" /> In the 1970s and 1980s he continued to connect nuclear collective models with broader many-body and field-theoretic methods.<ref name="wiki">{{Cite web |title=Abraham Klein (physicist) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Klein_(physicist) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>

In 1964 Klein and his student [[Biography:Benjamin W. Lee|Benjamin W. Lee]] published a Physical Review Letters paper on whether spontaneous symmetry breaking necessarily implies zero-mass particles.<ref name="kleinlee1964">{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=A. |last2=Lee |first2=B. W. |date=1964 |title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles? |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=266-268 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266}}</ref> The paper became part of the early literature around spontaneous symmetry breaking and the development of the Higgs mechanism. Lee, later a major particle theorist, completed his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania under Klein's direction.<ref name="fermibenlee">{{Cite web |title=About Benjamin W. Lee |url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/ben_lee/about.html |publisher=Fermilab |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref>

== Honors ==
Klein's honors included an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, a Guggenheim Fellowship, an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Senior Scientist Award, an honorary doctorate from Goethe University Frankfurt, and fellowship in the American Physical Society.<ref name="upenn" /> A 1991 symposium at Drexel University marked his 65th birthday and was later published as ''Symposium on Contemporary Physics: Celebrating the 65th Birthday of Professor Abraham Klein''.<ref name="symposium">{{Cite book |editor1-last=Vallieres |editor1-first=Michel |editor2-last=Feng |editor2-first=Da Hsuan |date=1993 |title=Symposium on Contemporary Physics: Celebrating the 65th Birthday of Professor Abraham Klein |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-1503-3}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* "Generalized Hartree-Fock Approximation for the Calculation of Collective States of a Finite Many-Particle System", with Arthur K. Kerman, ''Physical Review'' 132 (1963).<ref name="kerman1963" />
* "Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles?", with Benjamin W. Lee, ''Physical Review Letters'' 12 (1964).<ref name="kleinlee1964" />
* ''Symposium on Contemporary Physics: Celebrating the 65th Birthday of Professor Abraham Klein'', edited by Michel Vallieres and Da Hsuan Feng (1993).<ref name="symposium" />

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Klein_(physicist) Abraham Klein on Wikipedia]
* [https://physicstoday.aip.org/obituaries/abraham-klein Abraham Klein obituary] at ''Physics Today''
* [https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/v49/n19/deaths.html Dr. Abraham Klein, Physicist] at the University of Pennsylvania Almanac

{{Author|Harold Foppele}}